@article { author = {borg, hany and Kabel, Ahmed and Abdel-Kareem, Mona}, title = {Effect of metformin and indole-3-carbinol on a rat model of Parkinson’s disease induced by 6-hydroxydopamine}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {1-14}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.15104.1030}, abstract = {Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor system disorder caused by factors that lead to depletion of dopamine from the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mechanisms of PD include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Metformin is an old antidiabetic drug that has recently been shown to offer protective effects against many types of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a phytochemical derived from the cruciform vegetables. Recently, I3C was proven to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. The aim of this work was to study the effect of metformin and/or I3C on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD in rats. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 6 equal groups: Control; 6-OHDA, metformin + 6-OHDA; I3C + 6-OHDA; carboxymethyl cellulose + 6-OHDA and metformin + I3C + 6-OHDA group. Striatal dopamine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), mitochondrial complex 1 activity, total swim score and catalepsy score were measured. The striatum was subjected to immunohistochemical examination. The combination between metformin and I3C induced significant increase in striatal SOD, GR, mitochondrial complex 1 activity and dopamine with significant decrease in striatal TNF-α, IL-6, TGF-β1, MDA and nuclear factor kappa-B expression with significant improvement in catalepsy and total swim scores better than the groups that received either I3C or metformin alone. So, metformin/I3C combination may represent a beneficial therapeutic modality for amelioration of 6-OHDA-induced PD in rats.}, keywords = {Metformin,indole-3-carbinol,6-OHDA,parkinsonism,Rats}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67393.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67393_4eca9cd6263ccf5afeaa11407dfb091f.pdf} } @article { author = {borg, hany and Kabel, Ahmed and Estfanous, Remon and Abd Elmaaboud, Maaly}, title = {Effect of the combination between empagliflozin and calcipotriol on cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {15-31}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.14918.1029}, abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the effect of empagliflozin and/or calcipotriol on cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 6 equal groups: Control; cadmium; cadmium + empagliflozin; cadmium + calcipotriol; cadmium + Carboxymethyl cellulose and cadmium + empagliflozin + calcipotriol. Testicular enzymes, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were measured. Also, testicular tissue antioxidant enzymes, interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and sperm characteristics were determined. Parts of the testes were subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Empagliflozin/calcipotriol combination restored the testicular enzymes, sperm characteristics, hormonal profile and the antioxidant defenses compared to the use of each of these drugs alone. Also, this combination significantly ameliorated the inflammatory processes and induced significant improvement of the histopathological, and immunohistochemical picture compared to the use of each of these drugs alone. So, empagliflozin/calcipotriol combination might represent a promising therapeutic modality for amelioration of cadmium-induced testicular toxicity.}, keywords = {empagliflozin,Calcipotriol,cadmium,testis,Rats}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67394.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67394_6324b67d6d07bef9619930a3c8fdba23.pdf} } @article { author = {Adel, Mohamed and rami, mohamed and shaheen, dalia and Monir, Rehan and basheir, mamdouh and nabawy, ahmed and eladl, ahmed}, title = {L-Carnitine protects kidney against ischemia reperfusion injury via suppression of expression of tubular kidney injury molecule (Kim-1) and Wnt proteins (Beta- Catenin)}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {32-45}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.14073.1023}, abstract = {L-Carnitine is a unique nutritional supplement for athletes that has been recently studied as a potential treatment for certain renal disorders. However, its efficacy in renal ischemia reperfusion injuries has not been investigated. Rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups (n = 6/group):1, Control negative: received saline, 2,control positive I/R, rats received Sal and ischemia reperfusion at the end of fourth week and 3, L-Car +I/R group: same as Sal and ischemia reperfusion, but rats received L-Car (100 mg∕ kg) intraperitoneally daily for four weeks, 4, metformin +I/R group: same as Sal and ischemia reperfusion, but rats received oral metformin (300 mg/kg/day) daily for four weeks. 5, metformin +I/R group +L-Car: same as group 3, but rats received oral metformin (300 mg/kg/day) daily for four weeks. IR induced a significant increase in serum creatinine, serum K⁺ and serum KIM-1 peaked at 24 hours after I/R. KIM-1 and β -catenin expression is upregulated 168 hours after I/R. L-Car administration led to a significant decrease in serum creatinine in proportional to I/R group, serum K⁺ in proportional to I/R group, and a significant decrease in serum KIM-1 and Kim-1 expression. L-Car administration attenuated I/R-induced increase in oxidative stress marker MDA and increased antioxidant GSH activity. Moreover, the inducer of autophagy (Metformin) led to a significant decrease in serum creatinine, serum K⁺ and a significant decrease in serum Kim-1 and Kim-1 expression in renal tissue. Overall, our results suggest a potential therapeutic role of L-Car and metformin in I/R}, keywords = {L-carnitine,Beta- Catenin,Kim-1}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67395.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67395_b93777cfd4530eb65fabe4cc4fac2ec4.pdf} } @article { author = {Adel, Mohamed and Monir, Rehan and shaheen, dalia and eladl, ahmed}, title = {Hydrogen sulfide generation protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia via amelioration of connexin- 43 expression and opening of KATP channels}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {46-68}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.14726.1027}, abstract = {Hydrogen sulfide has been recently studied as a potential treatment for many cardiovascular disorders. Here, we describe its role in I/R- induced cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia model. Thirty six Sprague Dawley rats were used in the present study. Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, G 1(n = 6/group): control negative: received saline, G2, I/R rats, (I/R, n = 6), after right nephrectomy, the rats were subjected to left kidney ischemia for 45 minutes followed by reperfusion:,G3, I/R rats in which rats were treated by NaHS, the donor of H2S 5 mg/kg/day×14 days intraperitoneal,G4, I/R rats in which rats were treated by the blocker of H2S aminooxyacetic acid 10 mg/kg/day×14 days intraperitoneal,G5, I/R rats in which rats were treated by converting enzyme inhibitor (Captopril) 50 mg/Kg/day ×14 days and, G6, I/R rats in which rats were treated by NaHS, the donor of H2S and the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel blocker (Glibenclamide) 20 mg/kg/day ×14 days. NaHS led to a highly significant decrease in the duration of ventricular action potential indicated by QTc. Furthermore, it decreased, significantly, both of mean blood pressure and plasma renin activity. Moreover, H2S donor and converting enzyme inhibition increased the expression of CX-43. While I/R + H2S donor (NaHS) + KATP channel block led to a non-significant decreased in the duration of QTc interval. This showed that hydrogen sulfide generation has a potential therapeutic role in IR-induced cardiac hypertrophy and arrhythmia via amelioration of CX - 43 expression and opening of KATP channels.}, keywords = {Hydrogen sulfide,cardiac hypertrophy,opening of KATP channels}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67702.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67702_011886a556589d5d15600a4c4175abf9.pdf} } @article { author = {Sebaei, Dina and Yousof, Shimaa and Abdo, Mohamed}, title = {The Effect of Subdiaphragmatic Vagotomy on Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Obese Rats}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {69-83}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.14203.1024}, abstract = {The aim of the study was to assess of the effect of subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on lipid profile and insulin resistance in diabetic obese rat model. Fifty Male Albino rats were divided into 5 groups. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and sham operations were applied on diabetic obese rat model induced by high fat diet for 5 weeks and low dose of streptozotocin (30mg/kg). Serum samples were collected for confirmation of hyperlipidemia and lee obesity index was measured. At the end of the experiment, oral glucose tolerance test, lee obesity index, lipid profile, fasting insulinemia, fasting glucose, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and histopathology of pancreases were assessed. Results revealed that Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy significantly improved hyperlipidemia as it normalized plasma triglyceride level, decreased plasma cholesterol level and increased plasma high density lipoprotein level in diabetic and non-diabetic obese vagotomized rats. Vagotomy significantly decreased lee obesity index and perigonadal fat pads weight, decreased fasting insulinemia, decreased HOMA-IR and improved glucose tolerance in diabetic and non-diabetic obese vagotomized rats. These results were confirmed by regression of degenerative changes and restoration of the size of pancreatic islets of Langerhans. In non-diabetic obese vagotomized group, the results of 120 minutes of oral glucose tolerance test and HOMA-IR were close to normal expected values. However, the same parameters were still away from normal expected values although normal histopathological results of pancreases, in diabetic obese vagotomized group. In Conclusion, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy has a promising role in treating obesity. Nevertheless, its role in treating diabetes needs further long-term studies to be approved.}, keywords = {Vagotomy,Insulin Resistance,hyperlipidemia,Glucose tolerance test}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67397.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67397_3b2cf26f9a001dee7c5f6c69dc1b9b5e.pdf} } @article { author = {Nassef, Noha and Abu-Shadi, Ebtessam and El Agaty, Sahar and Abdel Hamid, Gehad}, title = {Quercetin mitigates liver injury in a rat model of liver cholestasis}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {84-95}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.14512.1026}, abstract = {Abstract Background: cholestasis is a prevalent health problem associated with liver oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Quercetin has been shown to afford a beneficial effect in a variety of liver diseases.This study was designed to investigate the potential protective effect of quercetin on liver cholestasis and the possible underlying mechanisms in a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL). Methods: This study was carried out on adult male rats which were randomly divided into: Sham-operated, BDL and BDL- quercetin treated (BDL- Q) groups. Quercetin was given by gavage in a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. Results: Bile duct ligation resulted in a significant increase in serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and liver levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1), along with a significant decrease in serum levels of total proteins (TPs) and liver glutathione peroxidase(GPX) in BDL group versus sham-operated controls. Quercetin treatment significantly lowered serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and MPO, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 in liver tissues associated with a significant increase in serum TPs and liver GPX in BDL-Q group versus BDL rats. Histological studies revealed enhancement of inflammation and a significant increase in the percentage area of collagen deposition in BDL versus sham-operated group. These changes were attenuated in BDL-Q group compared to BDL rats. Conclusions: Quercetin alleviated cholestasis induced liver injury and improved liver function possibly via attenuating liver oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis.}, keywords = {Cholestasis,Quercetin,Oxidative Stress,Inflammation,fibrosis}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67398.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67398_00dd42a76962c97f1fee7e529962731c.pdf} } @article { author = {Lebda, Fatma and Ahmed, Mona and Shawky, Mona and Baher, Walaa and Sabry, Yasmine}, title = {Potential impact of exercise versus irisin on hypertension, and visceral adiposity in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {96-112}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.14913.1028}, abstract = {Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension. Exercise may play important role in combating obesity and diabetic complications. Irisin is a newly discovered exercise-induced myokine. Its role in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise is questionable. Aim: The present study was performed to reveal the beneficial effects of moderate-intensity exercise on diabetic-induced visceral obesity, and hypertension in a rat model of T2DM, as well as the potential role of irisin relative to exercise and the mechanisms-involved. Materials and methods: Rats were allocated into 4 groups; control, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), exercise-T2DM and irisin-T2DM groups. Body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), perirenal fat (PF), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean blood pressures (MBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, nitrite, and HOMA-insulin resistance (IR) and histology of adipose tissue were determined. Results: Exercise attenuated the adverse effects of T2DM, whereas PF, PF index, serum nitrite, plasma insulin, and HOMA-IR comparable to controls; however, FBG, SBP, DBP and MBP still significantly higher. Partial browning of white adipose tissue demonstrated. Irisin-T2DM rats showed a remarkable effect compared to exercise intervention documented by a reduction in BW, BMI, PF, PF index, DBP, FBG, and insulin, with increase in nitrite, and complete browning of adipose tissue. Conclusion It is concluded that exercise and irisin treatment can improve visceral adiposity and hypertension; however, the protective effect of irisin is more obvious. These data suggest irisin as a potential new strategy to combat obesity and hypertension in diabetic patients.}, keywords = {diabetes,Visceral adiposity,Hypertension,exercise,Irisin}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_45427.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_45427_f091336d5806010ceca34827dc0140b2.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghalwash, Mohammad and Badawi, Gehan}, title = {Effect of gasotransmitter H2S on adrenergic and cholinergic modulated spontaneous uterine contractions}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {113-129}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.15424.1031}, abstract = {Abstract Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recognized as a gaseous transmitter in mammalian tissues. Several physiological roles for H2S including vasodilation, and smooth muscle relaxation have been documented. The exact mechanism explaining its role in uterine contractility remain to be elucidated. The proposed study was conducted to elucidate H2S role in uterine contractility in relation to adrenergic and cholinergic systems. Methods: Isolated uterus horn of adult virgin female sprage Dawely rats were used in vitro in physiological saline solution, the effects of H2S donor (NaHS), H2S blocker aminooxiacetic acid (AOAA) with or without adrenergic and cholinergic drugs and glibenclamide were determined. Results: It was revealed that, NaHS inhibited myometrial contractions as regard the tone and amplitude, whereas AOAA increased the tone of uterine contractility. The relaxant effect of H2S on uterine contractility was mediated by modulation of the endogenous adrenergic and cholinergic systems in the myometrium, which was demonstrated by dual interaction of NaHS or AOAA with Adrenaline, Propranolol, Prazosin, Acetylcholine and Atropine on the tone, peak, amplitude and frequency of uterine contractions. Glibencalmide (KATP channels blocker) after NaHS significantly increased the tone, peak and amplitude. However Glibencalmide after AOAA produced no significant changes in the tone, peak and amplitude of uterine contractions. Conclusion: H2S has a relaxant action in smooth muscles of myometrium. This inhibitory effect of H2S on uterine contractility could be through dual interaction and modulation of the endogenous adrenergic and cholinergic systems and activation of KATP channels.}, keywords = {H2S,AOAA,NaHS,uterine contractions}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67850.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67850_879e98489d6cad483bab2f8b873ca2c5.pdf} } @article { author = {Elwakeel, Gehan and Shaer, Gehan and Ghalwash, Mohammad and Youssef, Mohamed and Eldusoky, Sara}, title = {The potential effect of vitamin D against bone loss and vascular calcification in ovariectomized rats: possible association with serum nitric oxide.}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {130-147}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.16311.1034}, abstract = {Many epidemiological studies have shown an association between osteoporosis and peripheral vascular disease in postmenopausal women. This work was provided to investigate the possible effect of vitamin D against postmenopausal bone loss and vascular calcification in adult rats. This study was carried on 24 Sprague Dawley female rats. Rats were divided into four main groups (6 rats for each group). Group I : control sham-operated rats. Group II : sham operated rats treated with vitamin D . Group III : control ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Group IV : OVX rats treated with vitamin D. Ovariectomized rats were injected intraperitoneal with active vitamin D (calcitriol) 3 times a week for one month in the form of 0.04 μg/kg calcitriol. Serum level of estradiol, calcium, phosphorus and osteoblastic markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) were measured. Serum levels of lipid profile, parathormone and nitric oxide were also evaluated. The bone and the aortic wall were prepared for histopathological study. In comparisons to the ovariectomized rats, active vitamin D caused significant attenuation of the bone loss, biomechanical fragility and delayed the onset of vascular calcification in the aortic wall. Also it improved the lipid profile, serum nitric oxide levels and suppressed parathyroid hormone level. This work suggests that the administration of vitamin D has a beneficial effect on the bone quality and also on delaying the onset of aortic vascular calcification in ovariectomized rats. And suggests a possible association with serum nitric oxide.}, keywords = {Vitamin D,Bone loss,vascular calcification,Nitric oxide}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67852.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67852_bde283b83dd7e4ee1f8863863016a4d0.pdf} } @article { author = {Bahaa El-Dein, Ienass and Mohamed, Fatma and Ahmed, Mona and Soliman, Nevine and Lasheen, Noha and Abou-Bakr, Doaa}, title = {Sex Differences in Metabolic Responses to Chronic Immobilization Stress in Rats}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {148-165}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.18674.1036}, abstract = {Background: Responses to stress could range from homeostatic variations to life-threatening effects. Gender is accompanied by variations in oxidative stress that are implicated in the development of metabolic diseases. Females were found to be less susceptible to oxidative stress. Aim: to clarify the differences in metabolic responses to chronic immobilization stress in both rat sexes, and to elucidate the possible underlying mechanism. Methods: 40 adult albino rats of both sexes were divided into 2 main groups: control and stressed groups, each was subdivided into male and female groups. Stressed groups were exposed to immobilization for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to estimation of body mass index percentage change (BMI%), visceral fat weight (VFW), glycemic parameters, lipid profile, plasma insulin, leptin, sex hormones, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitrite. HOMA-B and HOMA-IR were calculated, Caspase-3 was assessed in pancreas by immunohistochemistry. Results: Stressed male rats showed lower BMI%, VFW, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, higher glucose output by kidneys, lower glucose uptake by diaphragm, HOMA-B, plasma insulin, testosterone and TAC, with higher plasma estrogen and MDA levels compared to control male group. Compared to control females, stressed females exhibited lower VFW, hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, lower plasma TAC and HOMA-B, with higher nitrite and sex hormones. Compared to stressed males, stressed females showed higher BMI%, plasma TAC and estrogen, but lower glucose output by kidneys, dyslipidemia and testosterone. Conclusion: Chronic immobilization stress imposes greater metabolic derangement in males than in females. The altered sex hormones and lowered antioxidants could be contributory mechanisms.}, keywords = {Gender,Immobilization stress,Metabolic disorders,Oxidative Stress,Sex hormones}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67939.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_67939_a61093937df0a4a3406e90b3203bdeb3.pdf} } @article { author = {said, mona and Abdel-Kareem, heba and abdallah, hend}, title = {Leptin exerts a bone protective effect in ovariectomized rats by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis}, journal = {Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, volume = {40}, number = {1}, pages = {166-179}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences}, issn = {1110-0842}, eissn = {2356-9514}, doi = {10.21608/besps.2019.14749.1033}, abstract = {Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent bone diseases especially among postmenopausal women. The study was conducted on 36 female rats divided into three equal groups; i) Sham operated; ii) Ovariectomized (OVX) ; iii) Leptin treated ovariectomized. Serum receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), urinarydeoxypyridoline/creatinine (DPY)/Cr) were measured. The mRNA expression of RANKL and OPG were examined by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Leptin decreased bone turnover markers and serum RANKL while it resulted in significant increase in serum Ca and OPG. Moreover, it had a significant anti-osteoporotic effect compared to OVX rats as it markedly down-regulated expression of RANKL and up-regulated expression of OPG in proximal femur, and thus lowered the RANKL/OPG ratio. These findings suggests that the anti-osteoporotic effect of leptin was by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis via modulating the RANKL/OPG ratio and that leptin can be used as alternative therapeutic agents of osteoporosis .}, keywords = {leptin,Osteoporosis,bone markers,RANKL,OPG}, url = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_68919.html}, eprint = {https://besps.journals.ekb.eg/article_68919_b6db565142bf0a1668d5993b2a282f70.pdf} }